0x01 Rust Overview

#Rust

Review

  1. 2021/09/05
  2. 2024/03/02
  3. 2024/06/11
  4. 2025-06-14

Overview #

Rust is a modern system programming language focused on performance, safety, and concurrency. It accomplishes these goals without having a garbage collector, making it a useful language for a number of use cases other languages aren’t good at. Its syntax is similar to C++, but Rust offers better memory safety while maintaining high performance.

Rust is an ahead-of-time compiled language, meaning you can compile a program and give the executable to someone else, and they can run it even without having Rust installed.

Rust is an expression-based language, this is an important distinction to understand.

In Rust, memory safety is accomplished through a system of ownership with a set of rules that the compiler checks at compile time.

Important features

  1. Ownership & Reference
  2. Lifetime
  3. Traits
  4. Macro

一、Environment Setup #

Tools

  1. Cargo：Cargo is Rust’s build system and package manager.
  2. rustup：是Rust的安装和工具链管理工具，使用rustup安装Rust；
  3. wasm-bindgen: 提供了JS和Rust类型之间的桥梁，它允许JS使用字符串调用Rust API，或者使用Rust函数来捕获JS异常。wasm-bindgen 的核心是促进 javascript 和 Rust 之间使用 wasm 进行通信。它允许开发者直接使用 Rust 的结构体、javascript的类、字符串等类型，而不仅仅是 wasm 支持的整数或浮点数类型。
  4. wsm-pack: wasm-pack 由 Rust / Wasm 工作组开发维护，是现在最为活跃的 WebAssembly 应用开发工具。wasm-pack 支持将代码打包成 npm 模块，并且附带 Webpack 插件（wasm-pack-plugin），借助它，我们可以轻松的将 Rust 与已有的 JavaScript 应用结合。
  5. wasm32-unknown-unknown: 通过 rustup 的 target 命令可以指定编译的目标平台，也就是编译后的程序在哪种操作系统上运行。wasm-pack 使用 wasm32-unknown-unknown 目标编译代码。
# install rust
curl --proto '=https' --tlsv1.2 -sSf https://sh.rustup.rs | sh

# update installed Rustup
rustup update

# Rust local doc
rustup doc

rustup --version

cargo --version

rustc --version

Cargo配置国内源 https://rsproxy.cn/ 步骤1：设置 Rustup 镜像， 修改配置 ~/.zshrc or ~/.bashrc

export RUSTUP_DIST_SERVER="https://rsproxy.cn"
export RUSTUP_UPDATE_ROOT="https://rsproxy.cn/rustup"

步骤2：设置 crates.io 镜像， 修改配置 ~/.cargo/config，已支持git协议和sparse协议，>=1.68 版本建议使用 ==sparse-index==，速度更快。

[source.crates-io]
replace-with = 'rsproxy-sparse'
[source.rsproxy]
registry = "https://rsproxy.cn/crates.io-index"
[source.rsproxy-sparse]
registry = "sparse+https://rsproxy.cn/index/"
[registries.rsproxy]
index = "https://rsproxy.cn/crates.io-index"
[net]
git-fetch-with-cli = true

cargo account is Github

cargo login

二、Development #

# create new project
cargo new project_name

cargo new --lib project_name // for Rust lib project

# add new deps
cargo add ferris-says

# build your project
cargo build # for test, -> target/debug/**
cargo build --release  # for production, -> target/release/**

# 检测: build a project without producing a binary to check for errors
cargo check

# build and run your project in one step
cargo run

# test your project
cargo test

# publish a library to [crates.io](http://crates.io)
cargo publish

# deprecating versions from crates.io
cargo yank --vers 1.0.1

# undo a yank and allow projects to start depending on a version again:
cargo yank --vers 1.0.1 --undo

# build documentation for your project
cargo doc

# build documentation provided by all your dependencies locally and open it in your browser.
cargo doc --open

编译

rustc --version

# 编译生成二进制文件
rustc -o output_filename input_filename.rs

# 执行二进制文件
./output_filename

# 编译生成库文件
rustc --crate-type lib input_filename.rs

Documentation comment, that will generate HTML documentation. The HTML displays the contents of documentation comments for public API items intended for programmers interested in knowing how to use your crate as opposed to how your crate is implemented.

Documentation comments use three slashes, ///, instead of two and support Markdown notation for formatting the text. Place documentation comments just before the item they’re documenting.

/// Adds one to the number given.
///
/// # Examples
///
/// ```
/// let arg = 5;
/// let answer = my_crate::add_one(arg);
///
/// assert_eq!(6, answer);
/// ```
pub fn add_one(x: i32) -> i32 {
    x + 1
}

The cargo install command allows you to install and use binary crates locally. This isn’t intended to replace system packages; it’s meant to be a convenient way for Rust developers to install tools that others have shared on  crates.io. All binaries installed with cargo install are stored in the installation root’s bin folder($HOME/.cargo/bin).

cargo install ripgrep

Cargo is designed so you can extend it with new subcommands without having to modify Cargo. If a binary in your $PATH is named cargo-something, you can run it as if it was a Cargo subcommand by running cargo something. Custom commands like this are also listed when you run cargo --list.

IDEs

  1. VSCode
  2. RustRover
  3. Zed
  4. Cursor

三、CLI 开发 #

cargo new projectName

clap clap is a command line argument parser for Rust. It is used for managing and parsing command line arguments and subcommands for your application. clap allows you to set the name, version, author, about info, and other global settings of your application.

structopt StructOpt is a third-party library in Rust designed to parse command-line arguments by defining a struct. It brings together the capabilities of clap for command-line parsing with Rust’s powerful type system. With StructOpt, you can define a struct for your command-line program where each field represents a flag, switch, option, or positional argument. This allows a highly declarative and expressive means of handling command-line inputs, including automatic help message generation, strongly-typed values, default values, validators, and more.

Termion Termion is a pure Rust, bindless library for low-level handling, manipulating and reading information about terminals. This provides a full-featured solution for cross-terminal compatibility, allowing for features such as color support, input handling, and other terminal specific features.

arguments The package provides a parser for command-line arguments.

args A dead simple implementation of command line argument parsing and validation built on top of the  getopts crate.

colorous Professional color schemes ported from d3-scale-chromatic.

serde A generic serialization/deserialization framework

四、GUI开发 #

“GUI Dev” or Graphical User Interface Development is a significant aspect of software development which focuses on creating visually engaging and intuitive user interfaces.

  1. Tauri https://github.com/tauri-apps/tauri Build smaller, faster, and more secure desktop applications with a web frontend.
  2. Iced https://github.com/iced-rs/iced A cross-platform GUI library for Rust focused on simplicity and type-safety. Inspired by  Elm.
  3. Dioxus https://github.com/dioxuslabs/dioxus
  4. Druid https://github.com/linebender/druid A data-first Rust-native UI design toolkit. Similar to React.
  5. conrod
  6. relm/gtk-rs/gtk+3/ gtk4-rs
  7. Xilem https://github.com/linebender/xilem
  8. Slint https://github.com/slint-ui/slint
  9. egui
  10. azul https://github.com/fschutt/azul
  11. GPUI https://www.gpui.rs/

GPUI 生态

  1. GPUI Component https://github.com/longbridge/gpui-component?tab=readme-ov-file
  2. Wry (Cross-platform WebView library in Rust for Tauri.) https://github.com/tauri-apps/wry

五、Backend Development #

Frameworks

  1. Rocket  https://github.com/rwf2/Rocket
  2. Actix Web https://github.com/actix/actix-web
  3. Axum https://github.com/tokio-rs/axum
  4. Warp https://github.com/seanmonstar/warp
  5. yew https://github.com/yewstack/yew Rust / Wasm framework for creating reliable and efficient web applications
  6. gotham
  7. Leptos
  8. Salvo
  9. ntex
  10. loco
  11. Tide
  12. Tuono https://github.com/tuono-labs/tuono Tuono is a full-stack web framework for building React applications using Rust as the backend with a strong focus on usability and performance.

Pingora (Cloudflare开源) https://github.com/cloudflare/pingora

  • 定位：替代Nginx的代理框架，专注安全与高性能3。
  • 优势：
    • 日均处理万亿级请求，资源消耗仅为传统方案1/3
    • 支持HTTP/1-2、gRPC、TLS，兼容OpenSSL/BoringSSL（后量子加密）
    • 提供可编程过滤器（如负载均衡、请求重写），API类似OpenResty
  • 适用场景：网关、CDN、负载均衡器

六、WebAssembly #

“Wasm” or WebAssembly is an open standard binary instruction format. It serves as a compact binary format that aims to execute at near-native speed, providing a performance-efficient compilation target for low-level languages like C, C++, and Rust. Wasm was initially developed for efficient execution in web browsers but is designed to be used in other environments as well. WebAssembly aims to maintain a safe, secure, and platform-independent runtime to perform high-performance applications on the web or on other platforms.

  1. wasm-bindgen
  2. wasm-pack https://github.com/rustwasm/wasm-pack
  3. wasmer
  4. xtask-wasm https://github.com/rustminded/xtask-wasm/

Awesome Librarys #

  1. reqwest
  2. Hyper https://hyper.rs/

参考 #

  1. rustup: https://rustup.rs/
  2. Rust https://www.rust-lang.org/
  3. 使用Rust编写更快的React组件: https://mp.weixin.qq.com/s/6hWLFAN3xa9xjHeYF31y1g
  4. 编程语言新宠Rust不完全入门指南: https://mp.weixin.qq.com/s/pY0OWjGLZWU3du45XRJbdA
  5. Rust Development Roadmap https://serokell.io/blog/rust-development
  6. 2023 Annual Rust Survey Results https://blog.rust-lang.org/2024/02/19/2023-Rust-Annual-Survey-2023-results.html
  7. crustaceans https://rustacean.net/